Polymerization process using hydroxyacetone/monocarboxylic acid catalyst system



United States Patent This invention relates to the polymerization of styrenetype monomers and more particularly relates to the use of a novel catalyst system in the polymerization of such monomers.

It is known that styrene-type monomers can be polym-- erized thermally or catalytically to prepare polymers having molecular weights and residual monomer contents which valy with certain reaction parameters, e.g., the catalyst concentration, the time and temperature of the reaction, etc. It i also known that the product normally has an undesirably high residual monomer content when the parameters of a mass polymerization process are controlled so as to prepare a molding-grade polystyrene, i.e., a polystyrene having a Staudinger average molecular weight in the range of about 40,000100,000.

An object of the invention is to provide a novel process for polymerizing styrene-type monomers.

Another object i to provide a process for polymerizing styrene-type monomers in the presence of a novel catalyst system.

A further object is to provide a mass process for polymerizing styrene-type monomers to moldable polymers containing a minimum amount of residual monomer.

These and other objects are attained by (1) dissolving a catalytic mixture of hydroxyacetone and a monocarboxylic acid having a dissociation constant not higher than 1.0 at 25 C. in a polymerizable material comprising a monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon and/ or an ar-halo monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon and (2) heating to polymerize the polymerizable material, the polymerization being conducted at 180-220 C. during the finishing stage of the reaction.

When desired, the catalyst mixture can also include a monomer-soluble peroxy compound having a half-life of at least 10 hours in benzene at 100 C. This optional ingredient is particularly apt to be desirable when the invention is applied to a mass polymerization process utilizing the time-temperature cycle which is hereinafter defined as the cycle which should be employed when the reaction is intended to produce a moldable polymer having a minimum residual monomer content.

The following examples are given to illustrate the invention and are not intended as a limitation thereof. In the reactions described in these examples (1) quantities mentioned are quantities by weight unless otherwise specified, (2) the monovinyl aromatic monomers, unless specified as pure, are monomers containing 0.001- 0.0015 t-butyl catechol and varying amounts of the impurities normally present in commercially-supplied styrene-type monomers, (3) the monovinyl aromatic monomers which are designated as pure are monomers which have been purified by two successive distillations and stabilized with 0.001-0.0015% t-butyl catechol, and (4) aliquots of the same monomer sample are polymerized in any series of reactions proposed for direct comparison of results.

EXAMPLE I Part A-Comrol I Charge 100 parts of pure styrene to a suitable reaction vessel. Purge the vessel with nitrogen. Heat at 3,222,425 Patented Dec'. 7, 1965 C. for 20 hours, then gradually raise the reaction temperature to 190 C. over a period of about 5 hours, and maintain the temperature at 190 C. for an additional 4 hours. The product has a Staudinger average molecular weight in the range of 40,000-80,000 and a residual monomer content of 1.55%.

Part BContr0l Repeat Part A except for dissolving 0.28 part of stearic acid in the monomer charge. The product has a Staudinger average molecular weight in the range of 40,000

80,000 and a residual monomer content of 1.19%.

Part C-Control Repeat Part A except for dissolving 0.2 part of hydroxyacetone in the monomer charge. The product has a Staudinger average molecular weight in the range of 40,000-80,000 and a residual monomer content of 1.35%.

Part D Prepare three products by repeating Part A except for dissolving 0.28 part of stearic acid and varying amounts of hydroxyacetone in the monomer charge. Each of the products has a Staudinger average molecular weight in the range of 40,000-80,000. The residual monomer contents of the products, together with the amounts of hydroxyacetone employed in their preparation are shown below.

Hydroxyace- Residual Reaction Number tone Monomer,

(parts) percent The preceding example shows (a) that the residual monomer content of the product can be reduced as much as 60% when small amounts of hydroxyacetone are used in conjunction with stearic acid and (b) that this effect could not be predicted from the effect of hydroxyacetone on the residual monomer content when a stearic acid-type compound is not employed as a catalyst component. Similar results are observed when Example I is repeated except that:

(1) The time-temperature cycle employed for the reaction is (a) 24 hours at 90 C., followed by 3.5 hours at 90-185 C., followed by 1 hour at C., (b) 24 hours at 90 C., followed by 6.25 hours at 90-185 C., followed by 1.5 hours at 185 C., or (c) 12 hours at 110- 90 C., followed by 4.5 hours at 90l90 C., followed by 3 hours at C.,

(2) 0.04 part of di-t-butyl peroxide is dissolved in the monomer charge to serve as a catalyst or catalyst component,

(3) The 0.28 part of stearic acid is replaced with 0.4 part of stearic acid, 0.1 part of be'nzoic acid, or 0.06 part of acetic acid, or

(4) The 100 parts of pure styrene are replaced with 100 parts of commercial styrene, 100 parts of p-chlorostyrene, 100 parts of a mixture of o-, m-, and p-methylstyrenes, a mixture of 85 parts of styrene and 15 parts of acrylonitrile, a mixture of 80 parts of styrene and 20 parts of methyl methacrylate, a mixture of 75 parts of styrene and 25 parts of alpha-methylstyrene, or a solution of 10 parts of a rubbery butadiene-styrene (75:25) copolymer in 100 parts of styrene.

EXAMPLE II Control Repeat Parts B and D of Example I except for conducting the reactions isothermally at 90 C. The residual monomer contents of the products prepared in the presence of hydroxyacetone are substantially the same as the residual monomer content of the product prepared in the absence of hydroxyacetone.

The process of the invention comprises (1) dissolving a catalyst mixture consisting of hydroxyacetone, a weak organic acid, and an optional peroxy compound in a polymerizable material comprising a styrene-type monomer and (2) heating to cause polymerization, the process being conducted at 180-220 C. during the finishing stage of the reaction.

The reaction mixture should contain about 0.005-0.5% preferably about 0.0250.25% of hydroxyacetone, based on the Weight of polymerizable material. Concentrations higher than 0.5% are usually avoided in order to prevent undue discoloration of the product.

The weak organic acid employed as a catalyst component can be any monocarboxylic acid having a dissociation constant not higher than l.0 at 25 C. Among the particularly suitable acids are acetic, hexanoic, benzoic, phenylacetic, isopropylbenzoic, and hexahydrobenzoic acids and, as a preferred embodiment of the invention, alkanoic acids containing 12-20 carbon atoms (i.e., lauric, tridecanoic, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, margaric, stearic, nonadecanoic, and eicosanic acids). Stearic acid is especially preferred because of the brilliance it imparts to the molded polymers.

The reaction mixture should contain at least 0.05% of the weak organic acid, based on the weight of polymerizable material, and usually contains not more than 1% of the acid. Within the range of 0.054% and at higher concentrations, variation in the concentration of a particular acid seems to have no substantial effect on the molecular weights and residual monomer contents of the polymers formed by the reaction, but it is usually preferred to avoid concentrations higher than 1% in order to avoid undue yellowing of the polymer. Ordinarily the reaction mixture will contain 0.10.6% of the acid.

The optional component of the catalyst mixture can be any monomer-soluble peroxy compound having a halflife of at least 10 hours in benzene at 100 C. Utilizable peroxy compounds include, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, di-tbutyl diperphthalate, t-butyl peracetate, t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl- 2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3, t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, p-menthane hydroperoxide, cyclopentane hydroperoxide, diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, p-t-butylcumene hydroperoxide, pinane hydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethylhexane-Z,S-dihydroperoxide, etc., and mixtures thereof.

The reaction mixture can contain up to 0.1% of the peroxy compound, based on the weight of polymerizable material. This optional component may be found desirable when a substantial amount of the polymerization is to be accomplished at temperatures at which such peroxy compounds are effective, e.g., when the process utilizes the time-temperature cycle hereinafter defined as the cycle to be employed in a mass process when the product is to be a moldable polymer containing a minimum amount of residual monomer. When included as a catalyst component, the peroxy compound is usually employed in concentrations of 0.0l0.1%, preferably 0.0l0.05%.

The catalyst mixtures of the invention are used in the polymerization of polymerizable materials comprising a monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon and/ or an ar-halo monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon, e.g., styrene; vinyl naphthalene; ar-alkylstyrenes, such as o-, m-, and p-methylstyrenes, ar-ethylstyrenes, etc.; o-chlorostyrene; p-bromostyrene; 2-chloro-4-methylstyrene, etc., and mixtures thereof. Such monovinyl aromatic monomers, as is well-known, normally contain minor amount of impurities formed as by-products of the monomer synthesis or accumulated during storage. Since the presence of these impurities appears to be more desirable than undesirable in the practice of the invention, they are not removed from the monomers prior to polymerization except when the particular application for which the product of the polymerization is intended requires the removal of one or more particular impurities known to contribute properties which would be undesirable in that application, e.g., excessive amounts of dissolved oxygen are removed when the application will not tolerate the degree of yellowness that would be contributed to the polymer by large amounts of oxygen.

The monovinyl aromatic monomer may constitute the only component of the polymerizable material or may be in admixture with lesser amounts of one or more copolymerizable monomers, such as acrylonitrile; methacrylonitrile; an alkyl methacrylate, e.g., the methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl methacrylates; the corresponding alkyl acrylates; alpha-alkylstyrenes, e.g., alpha-methylstyrene, alpha-ethylstyrene, alpha-methyl-p-methylstyrene, etc.

When desired, the polymerizable material can have a rubbery conjugated 1,3-diene polymer (e.g., natural rubber, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, copolymers of butadiene and/ or isoprene with lesser amounts of comonomers such as styrene, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, etc.) dissolved therein ordinarily in amounts of 1-25 based on the weight of polymerizable material. Also, the reaction mixture can contain other optional ingredients such as plasticizers, mineral oils, stabilizers, etc.

The process of the invention is conducted at 180-220 C., preferably 180200 C., during the finishing stage of. the reaction because of the ineffectiveness of the hydroxyacetone/ weak organic acid catalyst systems at lower temperatures. Prior to the finishing stage, the reaction can be conducted under any conditions suitable to the technique employed (e.g., a mass, suspension, batch, or continuous technique) and to the type of product desired. Thus, the process may be conducted at 180-220 C. throughout the reaction when a comparatively low molec ular weight product is desired, whereas lower temperatures, e.g., C., will be maintained for as long as is practical when a higher molecular weight product is desired. Methods of varying polymerization conditions to obtain a particular type of product are, of course, already well-known to the art. As will be readily understood, the time at which the reaction temperature should be raised to the finishing temperature will vary with the conditions which have been employed during the earlier stages of the reaction, since some of these conditions normally lead to higher degrees of conversion than others. Ordinarily, the finishing temperature of 180-220" C. will be utilized at least during the stage of the reaction after 98% conversion of monomer to polymer.

A preferred embodiment of the invention is the use of the hydroxyacetone/ weak organic acid catalyst systems in the mass polymerization of styrene-type monomers to moldable polymers having a minimum residual monomer content. In order for the product of this mass process to have the desired properties, a fairly specific time-temperature cycle should be employed. In the first stage of the reaction, polymerization is conducted at 75125 C. for about 6-24 hours until 1545% of the monomer has been converted to polymer; in the second stage, the reaction temperature is gradually raised from 75-95 C. to l80-200 C. over a period of about 3-7 hours; in the final stage, the reaction temperature is maintained at 180 200 C. for about 0.5-5 hours.

The manner of manipulating the reaction temperature during the first stage of the reaction in order to be in the 75-95 C. range for the beginning of the second stage of the reaction is not critical, e.g., an initial temperature of about 100l25 C. can be gradually lowered to 75- 95 C. during the first stage of the reaction or the temperature can be maintained at 7595 C. throughout the first stage of the reaction, etc. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the reaction mixture is initially heated to -115" C. and maintained at a temperature gradually lowered to about 90 'C'. until about 2545% conversion to polymer is obtained, after which the temperature is gradually raised to 180-200 C. over a period of about 3-7 hours and then maintained at 180-200 C. for about 2-5, hours to complete the reaction. Especially good results are also obtained by initially heating the reaction mixture at 90 C. to about 25-35% conversion, then heating at a temperature gradu ally raised to 180-200 C. over a period of about 4-5 hours, and finally heating at 180-200 C. for 2-4 hours.

Although also generally useful as a new catalytic method of polymerizing styrene-type monomers, the present invention is particularly advantageous in that it permits the formation by a mass process of moldable polystyrene-type materials having lower residual monomer contents than the comparable polymers of the prior art. The reduced residual monomer content improves the physical and molding properties of the polymers.

It is obvious that many variations can be made in the products and processes set forth above without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:

1. A process which comprises (1) dissolving a catalyst mixture consisting of:

(a) about 0.005-05 part by weight of hydroxyacetone,

(b) at least 0.05 part by weight of a monocarboxylic acid having a dissociation constant below 1.0 at 25 C., and

(c) up to 0.1 part by weight of a peroxy compound having a half-life of at least 10 hours in benzene at 100 C. in 100 parts by weight of a polymerizable material of the group consisting of a monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon, an ar-halo monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon, mixtures thereof with one another, and mixtures thereof with lesser amounts of copolymerizable monomers and (2) heating to polymerize the polymerizable material; said process being conducted at ISO-220 C. during the finishing stage of the reaction.

2. A mass polymerization process which comprises (1) dissolving a catalyst mixture consisting of:

(a) about 0005-05 part by weight of hydroxyacetone,

(b) at least 0.05 part by weight of a monocarboxylic acid having a dissociation constant below 1.0 10- at 25 C., and

(c) up to 0.1 part by weight of a peroxy compound having a half-life of at least 10 hours in benzene at 100 C. in 100 parts by weight of a polymerizable material of the group consisting of a monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon, an ar-halo monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbon, mixtures thereof with one another, and mixtures thereof with lesser amounts of copolymerizable monomers, (2) heating the polymerizable material at 75-125" C. until 45% conversion to polymer is obtained, the temperature being so regulated as to be in the 75-95 C. range when this conversion is obtained, (3) gradually raising the reaction temperature to ISO-200 C. over a period of about 3-7 hours, and (4) maintaining the reaction temperature at ISO-200 C. for about 0.5-5 hours.

3. The process of claim 2 wherein the polymerizable material is styrene.

4. The process of claim 2 wherein the polymerizable material is a mixture of styrene and alpha-methylstyrene.

5. The process of claim 2 wherein the polymerizable material is a mixture of styrene and acrylonitrile.

6. The process of claim 2 wherein the polymerizable material is a mixture of styrene and methyl methacrylate.

7. The process of claim 2 wherein the polymerizable material contains a dissolved rubbery conjugated 1,3-diene polymer.

8. The process of claim 2 wherein the monocarboxylic acid is an alkanoic acid containing 12-20 carbon atoms.

9. The process of claim 2 wherein the catalyst mixture consists of (a) 0.005-0.5 part by weight of hydroxyacetone and (b) 0.1-0.6 part by weight of a monocarboxylic acid having a dissociation constant below 1.0)(10 at 25 C.

10. The process of claim 2 wherein the catalyst mixture consists of (a) 0.005-0.5 part by weight of hydroxyacetone, (b) 0.1-0.6 part by weight of a monocarboxylic acid having a dissociation constant below 1.0X10 at 25 C., and (c) 0.01-0.1 part by weight of a peroxy compound having a half-life of at least 10 hours in benzene at C.

11. A mass polymerization process which comprises (1) dissolving a catalyst mixture consisting of (a) 0.025- 025 part by weight of hydroxyacetone, (b) 0.1-0.6 part by weight of stearic acid, and (c) 0.01-0.05 part by weight of di-t-butyl peroxide in 100 parts by weight of styrene, (2) heating the monomer to IDS- C. and then gradually lowering the temperature to about 90 C. to obtain 25-45% conversion to polymer, (3) gradually raising the temperature to -200 C. over a period of about 3-7 hours, and (4) maintaining the reaction temperature at 180-200" C. for 2-5 hours.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 4/1954 Shusman 26'093.5 5/1959 Stein et a1. 26093.5 

1. A PROCESS WHICH COMPRISES (1) DISSOLVING A CATALYST MIXTURE CONSISTIN OF: (A) ABOUT 0.005-0.5 PART BY WEIGHT OF HYDROXYACETONE, (B) AT LEAST 0.05 PART BY WEIGHT OF A MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING A DISSOCIATION CONSTANT BELOW 1.0X10-4 AT 25*C., AND (C) UP TO 0.1 PART BY WEIGHT OF A PEROXY COMPOUND HAVING A HALF-LIFE OF AT LEAST 10 HOURS IN BENZENE AT 100*C. IN 100 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF A POLYMERIZABLE MATERIAL OF THE GROUP CONSISTING OF A MONOVINYL AROMATIC HYDROCARBON, AN AR-HALO MONOVINYL AROMATIC HYDROCARBON, MIXTURES THEREOF WITH ONE ANOTHER, AND MIXTURES THEREOF WITH LESSER AMOUNTS OF COPOLYMERIZABLE MONOMERS AND (2) HEATING TO POLYMERIZE THE POLYMERIZABLE MATERIAL; SAID PROCESS BEING CONDUCTED AT 180-220*C. DURING THE FINISHING STAGE OF THE REACTION. 